Congenital Cytomegalovirus-History, Current Practice, and Future Opportunities.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was first identified in the 1950s and noted to cause newborn disease in the 1960s. It is now known to be the most common cause of congenital infection in the world, leading to various central nervous system sequelae, the most common being hearing loss. Cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous pathogen that affects nearly 30,000 infants annually in the United States, leading to 3,000-4,000 cases of hearing loss. Prevention through vaccination has proved unreliable, as has the use of immune globulin. Prevention through education has been shown to be the most effective method of minimizing infection. Antiviral therapy is effective at reducing the impact of infection on newborns. Continued global efforts will hopefully provide more solutions for this opportunistic infection.

Missed Nursing Care in Pediatric and Neonatal Care Settings: An Integrative Review.

INTRODUCTION: Missed nursing care is required care that is delayed, incomplete, or left undone during a nurse's working shift. Missed nursing care is most often studied in adult populations; however, it may have significant consequences in pediatric and neonatal care settings. The purpose of this integrative review is to describe missed nursing care in pediatric and neonatal nursing care settings. METHODS: SCOPUS and PubMed were used in the literature search. Multiple combinations of the keywords and phrases "missed nursing care," "pediatric," "neonatal," "care left undone," or "nursing care rationing" were used for the literature search. Missed nursing care is a relatively new topic as the first article on the subject was published in 2006; therefore, inclusion criteria were set to English articles published between January 1, 2006 and October 11, 2019 that reported on missed nursing care in pediatric and neonatal inpatient care settings. RESULTS: Fourteen articles met inclusion criteria. Missed nursing care in pediatric and neonatal nursing care settings is associated with workload, patient acuity, work environment, and nurse characteristics, and is related to prolonged hospitalization of preterm infants. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Providing nurses with an adequate amount of resources and tools to avoid missed nursing care will continue to improve care delivery. Missed nursing care and related patient and nurse outcomes in diverse pediatric and neonatal samples remains an area for future research.

O conhecimento do enfermeiro acerca do manejo clínico da amamentação: saberes e práticas / Knowledge of nurses about the clinical management of breastfeeding: knowledge and practices / El conocimiento de los enfermeros sobre el manejo clínico de la lactancia materna: conocimientos y prácticas

Objetivo: Analizar el conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería en la realización de las estrategias para el manejo clínico de la lactancia materna. Método: Descriptivo, exploratorio, cualitativo, siendo 47 participantes de enfermería de las maternidad públicas en la Región Metropolitana II en el estado de Río de Janeiro, los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevista semiestructurada, los datos recogidos se sometieron a análisis de contenido en modo temático. En el análisis, hemos decidido por la formulación de categorías temáticas. Resultados: El manejo clínico de la lactancia materna muestra los conocimientos teóricos y científicos sobre la lactancia materna por los profesionales de enfermería, además de ser facilitadores de la práctica de lá lactancia materna, intervenido en daños y perjuicios resultantes de la práctica de la lactancia materna inadecuada. Conclusión: Se observó que los profesionales de enfermería fueron capacitadas con conocimientos y habilidades necesarias para promover la salud de lãs mujeres y niños para el éxito de la lactancia materna

Objective: To analyze the knowledge of nurses in carrying out the strategies for clinical management of breastfeeding. Method: A descriptive, exploratory qualitative study, with forty participants and seven nurses from public hospitals in the Metropolitan Region II of the State of Rio de Janeiro, interviewed based on a semi-structured interview, and the data collected subjected to content analysis in the thematic mode. In the analysis, we opted for the formation of thematic categories. Results: In the clinical management of breastfeeding shows the theoretical and scientific knowledge about breastfeeding by nurses, and are they facilitators of breastfeeding practice, intervening in injuries resulting from inappropriate practice of breastfeeding. Conclusion: It was noticed that nurses are empowered with competence and skills required to promote the health of women and children for the sake of successful breastfeeding

Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros na realização das estratégias para o manejo clínico da amamentação. Método: Estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo, sendo participantes 47 enfermeiros das maternidades públicas da Região Metropolitana II do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entrevistados com base em um roteiro de entrevista semi estruturada, sendo os dados coletados submetidos à análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Na análise, optou-se pela formulação de categorias temáticas. Resultados: No manejo clínico do aleitamento materno, evidencia-se o conhecimento teórico e científico acerca da amamentação pelos enfermeiros, além de serem eles facilitadores da prática da amamentação, intervindo nos agravos resultantes da prática do aleitamento materno inadequado. Conclusão: Percebeu-se que os enfermeiros estão capacitados com competência e habilidades necessárias para favorecer a saúde da mulher e da criança em prol do sucesso da amamentação

From Practitioner to Parent.

A neonatal nurse builds trust and resilience when she goes from NICU health care provider to NICU parent.

The History and State of Neonatal Nursing Quality Improvement Practice and Education.

Quality improvement has evolved rapidly in neonatal nursing. This review outlines the history and current state of quality improvement practice and education in neonatal nursing. The future of neonatal nursing includes a stronger emphasis on quality improvement in advanced practice education that promotes doctoral projects that result in clinical improvements. A collective focus will ensure that neonatal nurses not only deliver evidence-based care, but also continually improve the care they deliver.

Evaluación del desarrollo y cuidado individualizado del RN (NIDCAP) / Evaluation of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)

Objetivo: mostrar la evidencia científica sobre los resultados de la aplicación del Programa de Evaluación y Cuidado Individualizado del Desarrollo del Recién Nacido (NIDCAP) y sus potenciales beneficios clínicos en recién nacidos prematuros. Método: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura, haciendo una búsqueda avanzada a través de PubMed, Cuiden, Scielo y Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, Google Académico y UpToDate. Dicha búsqueda se limitó a los idiomas inglés y español. El periodo de búsqueda fue el comprendido entre los años 2004 al 2016. Resultados: de los 281 documentos encontrados, fueron seleccionados 18. NIDCAP tiene el potencial de mejorar el desarrollo mental y psicomotor clínico. Los enfermeros, en comparación con el personal médico, tenían una actitud más positiva, mayor control conductual y una percepción de un mayor impacto positivo de NIDCAP en condiciones de UCIN. Las deficiencias en el diseño y métodos en los estudios revisados obstaculizan demandas de largo alcance sobre la eficacia del método. Los fundamentos científicos de los efectos del NIDCAP serían sustancialmente mejorados con estudios exhaustivos con seguimiento prolongado. Conclusiones: a pesar de los resultados esperanzadores en el desarrollo motor y cognitivo, y su valor de humanización, la evidencia científica sobre los efectos del NIDCAP es limitada al no demostrar que aporte mejorías clínicas significativas en el bebé prematuro. La evaluación de esta intervención integral, de alta complejidad, está cargada de una serie de problemas metodológicos. Las principales debilidades de los estudios están en los seguimientos a corto plazo y deficiencias metodológica, por lo que se necesitan estudios a largo plazo y con diseño centrado en objetivos concretos (AU)

Objective: to show the scientific evidence of the outcomes of the implementation of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) and its potential clinical benefits for pre-term newborns. Method: a literature review was conducted, through an advanced search in PubMed, Cuiden, Scielo and the Cochrane Plus Library, Academic Google and UpToDate. Said search was limited to English and Spanish. The search period included the years from 2004 to 2016. Results: eighteen (18) documents were selected of the 218 documents found. NIDCAP has the potential to improve mental and clinical psychomotor development. Compared with the medical staff, nurses had a more positive attitude, higher behavioural control, and a perception of a higher positive impact of NIDCAP in the NICU setting. The design and method deficiencies in the studies reviewed represent a barrier for long-term demands on the method efficacy. The scientific basis of NIDCAP effects would be significantly improved with comprehensive studies of prolonged follow-up. Conclusions: despite the hopeful outcomes on motor and cognitive development, and its humanization values, there is limited scientific evidence about NIDCAP effects, because it has not been demonstrated to offer significant clinical improvements in pre-term babies. The assessment of this comprehensive and high-complexity intervention is burdened by a series of methodological problems. The main weaknesses of the studies consist in their short-term follow-up and methodological problems. The main weaknesses of the studies consist in their short-term follow-up and methodological deficiencies; therefore, long-term studies are required, with a design focused on specific objectives (AU)

Primary palliative care in neonatal intensive care.

This article explores the 2014 Institute of Medicine׳s recommendation concerning primary palliative care as integral to all neonates and their families in the intensive care setting. We review trends in neonatology and barriers to implementing palliative care in intensive care settings. Neonatal primary palliative care education should address the unique needs of neonates and their families. The neonatal intensive care unit needs a mixed model of palliative care, where the neonatal team provides primary palliative care and the palliative subspecialist consults for more complex or refractory situations that exceed the primary team׳s skills or available time.

Hospital Magnet® Designation and Missed Nursing Care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units.

Missed nursing care is an emerging measure of front-line nursing care effectiveness in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Given Magnet® hospitals' reputations for nursing care quality, missed care comparisons with non-Magnet® hospitals may yield insights about how Magnet® designation influences patient outcomes. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to evaluate the relationship between hospital Magnet® designation and 1) the occurrence of nurse-reported missed care and 2) reasons for missed nursing care between NICU nurses employed in Magnet® and non-Magnet® hospitals. A random sample of certified neonatal intensive care unit nurses was invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey in 2012; data were analyzed from nurses who provided direct patient care (n=230). Logistic regression was used to model relationships between Magnet® designation and reports of the occurrence of and reasons for missed care while controlling for nurse and shift characteristics. There was no relationship between Magnet® designation and missed care occurrence for 34 of 35 types of care. Nurses in Magnet® hospitals were significantly less likely to report tensions and communication breakdowns with other staff, lack of familiarity with policies/procedures, and lack of back-up support from team members as reasons for missed care. Missed nursing care in NICUs occurs regardless of hospital Magnet® recognition. However, nurses' reasons for missed care systematically differ in Magnet® and non-Magnet® hospitals and these differences merit further exploration.

El profesional de la Enfermería en las unidades neonatales y los cuidados centrados en el desarrollo / The nursing professional in newborn units and developmental care

OBJETIVO: analizar los beneficios de implantar los cuidados centrados en el desarrollo (CCD) en las unidades neonatales para la atención de los niños prematuros, basándose en la evidencia científica disponible. METODOLOGÍA: revisión narrativa de la literatura. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron Pubmed, LILACS, Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, DIALNET y la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. También se consultaron páginas web dedicadas a la Neonatología o a la salud, como la web de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP) o la web internacional de la European Fundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), entre otras. La búsqueda se ha limitado a los idiomas inglés y español, siendo el límite temporal los artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años. RESULTADOS: se seleccionaron 21 documentos referidos a las características del desarrollo que diferencian al niño prematuro del recién nacido a término, a los cuidados centrados en el desarrollo (CCD) y al papel de la enfermera/o en el desarrollo de los CCD. CONCLUSIONES: la mayoría de los estudios defienden los CCD en las unidades neonatales como la mejor forma de atención para los bebés prematuros, siendo el papel de las enfermeras fundamental para su correcta aplicación y divulgación dentro del equipo multidisciplinar, por ser quienes tienen un contacto más estrecho con el niño y sus familias

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the benefits of implementing Developmental Care (DC) in the Newborn Units for pre-term baby care, based on the scientific evidence available. METHODOLOGY: a narrative review of literature. The databases used were: Pubmed, LILACS, Cochrane Plus Library, DIALNET and the Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (Virtual Healthcare Library). Web-pages on neonatology or health were also consulted, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) webpage, the Spanish Society of Paediatrics (AEP) website, or the international webpage of the European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), among others. The search was limited to articles in English and Spanish, and the time limitation was that articles should have been published within the past 10 years. RESULTS: twenty-one (21) documents were selected, regarding the developmental characteristics differentiating pre-term babies from babies born on term, as well as Developmental Care (DC), and the role of nurses in conducting DC. CONCLUSIONS: the majority of studies advocate for DC in Newborn Units as the best form of care for pre-term babies; the role of the nurses is essential for its adequate application and divulgation within the multidisciplinary team, because they are in closer contact with children and their families

Intervenciones enfermeras sobre el ambiente físico de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales / Nursing interventions on the physical environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Units

Los objetivos de esta investigación son analizar las intervenciones enfermeras sobre el ruido y la iluminación que influyen en el neurodesarrollo del neonato prematuro en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica. Las bases de datos utilizadas son: Cuiden Plus, Pubmed, IBECS y Cochrane Library Plus. Se establecen los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de acuerdo con los objetivos del trabajo y los límites usados en cada base de datos. De los 35 artículos utilizados, la mayoría son estudios cuantitativos descriptivos, basados en la medida de los niveles de presión sonora y de iluminación en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales. Los países más incluidos en estos estudios son Brasil y Estados Unidos, y las variables analizadas son el tiempo de registro de luz y ruido. Basándose en los elevados niveles de luz y ruido registrados en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, se han descrito las intervenciones enfermeras que se deberían llevar a cabo para reducirlos. La evidencia indica que después de la implementación de estas intervenciones, los elevados niveles de ambos estímulos ambientales se encuentran reducidos de forma muy significativa. A pesar de la extensa bibliografía existente sobre esta problemática, los niveles de iluminación y ruido siguen sobrepasando los límites recomendados. Es necesario pues aumentar y potenciar mucho más la tarea enfermera en este ambiente, para poder influir positivamente en el neurodesarrollo del neonato prematuro

The objectives of this study are to analyse nursing interventions regarding noise and lighting that influence neurodevelopment of the preterm infant in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. A review of the literature was performed using the databases: Cuiden Plus, PubMed, IBECS and Cochrane Library Plus. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established in accordance with the objectives and limits used in each database. Of the 35 articles used, most were descriptive quantitative studies based on the measurement of sound pressure levels and lighting in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The countries included in this study are Brazil and the United States, and the variables analysed were the recording the times of light and noise. Based on the high levels of light and noise recorded in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units, nursing interventions that should be carried out to reduce them are described. The evidence indicates that after the implementation of these interventions, the high levels of both environmental stimuli are reduced significantly. Despite the extensive literature published on this problem, the levels of light and noise continue to exceed the recommended limits. Therefore, nurses need to increase and enhance their efforts in this environment, in order to positively influence neurodevelopment of premature newborn